B Cell Lymphoma: 8月 2012

2012年8月31日星期五

Common Methods of Diagnosing Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a highly problematic disease that raises serious impediments in the process of diagnosis. Considering the fact that it can occur in a variety of forms and produce a wide spectrum of unspecific symptoms, lymphoma is usually diagnosed with the aid of many different techniques. In order to establish the accurate diagnosis, pathologists need to analyze the disease from multiple angles. Morphological traits, as well as the genotype and phenotype of the lymphoid lesions should sometimes be carefully analyzed in the process of diagnosis. The administration of lymphoma treatments and therapies can only begin after patients with suspected lymphoma are given the correct diagnosis.

In order to reveal evidence of the disease in patients with suspected malignant lymphoma, doctors often perform a series of preliminary tests. These tests include blood analyses, elaborate physical examinations (enlargement of the lymph nodes often suggests the presence of lymphoma) and sometimes local biopsies of the bone marrow.

Tissue biopsies can provide cancer specialists with valuable data regarding the type of lymphoma, the type of cells involved in causing the disease, the progression rate of the lymphoma, as well as the prognosis of the affected patient. In order to reveal whether the lymphoid lesions are of benign or malign nature, pathologists analyze the tissue samples from multiple perspectives: overall cell appearance under the microscope (morphological examination), exact cell subtype (phenotype analysis) and genetic provenience (genotype analysis). If the analyzed lymphoid lesions prove to be malignant, doctors will begin the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs soon after the type of lymphoma is properly classified.

A major stage in diagnosing lymphoma consists in carefully analyzing the morphological features of the lymphoid lesions. The morphological characteristics of the lymph nodes and tissues provide doctors with valuable data on the disease, helping them distinguish benign forms of lymphoma from the malignant ones. Although morphological investigations are crucial in the process of diagnosing lymphoma, doctors often choose to further analyze the tissue samples by performing phenotypic and genotypic tests.

In order to determine the phenotype of the lymphoid cells, doctors conduct a series of tests that are commonly referred to as cell marker analysis. The procedure characteristic to these tests involves the use of different antibodies for revealing clear cell markers carried by malignant lymphatic cells. These tests offer doctors clear information about the causative cells and help in determining the exact type of lymphoma. Although they can also reveal the presence of Hodgkin's Disease, cell marker tests are commonly used to identify Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma subtypes. Such tests are used to detect whether the lymphoma is caused by abnormal activity of B-cells or T-cells and how mature the causative cells are.

In rare cases, only genotypic studies can help doctors determine if the lymphoid lesions are benign or malignant. Genotypic tests involve elaborate analyses of the cells' genetic composition and comprise a series of different methods: cytogenetic analyses, the polymerized chain reaction method and the Southern blot hybridization analysis. Despite the fact that such tests provide doctors with detailed information on lymphoma, they are also time consuming and costly. Due to these disadvantages, they are only performed under special circumstances, when all other tests fail to reveal conclusive data on lymphoma.

So, if you want to find out more about mantle cell lymphoma or even about non hodgkins lymphoma please visit this link http://www.lymphoma-center.com

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What is Mantle Cell Lymphoma?

Mantle cell lymphoma is a subtype of B-cell or B-Lymphocyte lymphoma categorized under Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This type of lymphoma is due to a malignant transformation of the B-cells. These B-cells are part of the immune system and responsible for destroying microorganisms that invade the body. The disease got its name for the malignant B-cells are often found in the mantle zone of the lymph node. Under morphological studies, this would present as a non-aggressive type of lymphoma. However, mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive type of B-cell lymphoma and the malignancy can spread quickly in the body.

Mantle cell lymphoma is a rare-type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Comprising about 7% of the patients belonging in this category, it is commonly found in age groups above 60 years old. This type of lymphoma is manifested by swollen, non-tender lymph nodes located in the throat, and can involve other nodes such as the ones located near the collar bone, the armpits, chests, and groin. The malignant cells can also metastasize in the spleen and liver, giving the sensation of a full, distended abdomen. Fatigue in this condition is due to anemia because of spleen and bone marrow involvement may also be observed, as well as unexplained fever and weight loss. Gastric symptoms such as nausea and vomiting can also be observed.

Treatment for mantle cell lymphoma is given depending on the current stage of malignancy and metastasis. Rituximab is used to help the immune system look for the malignant cells and destroy them, with the help of Interferon given as an immune system booster. R-CHOP in combination with Rituximab and a steroid is commonly given as a form of chemotherapy that aims in destroying the cancer cells. In Stage I and Stage II phase it is treated with a local radiation therapy with or without the aid of chemotherapeutic agents. To help the body recover, stem cell therapy such as bone marrow transplant is done as an aggressive form of treatment when the disease is at the later stage.

Research is still being conducted on ways to treat mantle cell lymphoma without suffering from too much side effects. The MCL Consortium is a group of physicians dedicated to battling this disease. Their website has mantle cell lymphoma resources for researchers and patients designed to help people understand this malignancy as well as group together patients and survivors to form a support group.

Need to learn more about Lymphoma? Be sure to check out Lymphoma Symptoms which contains in-depth information on Mantle Cell Lymphoma symptoms, causes, treatment and much more.

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Characteristics of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Lymphomas are the cancer of the lymphoid tissue, so Hodgkin's disease which is a type of lymphoma, is also a cancer of this tissue. Lymphoid tissue is part of the lymphatic system which is a major component of the immune defense system. The elements that represents the immune system are organs like spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, cells and vesels.THe lymph is a fluid made of plasma and white blood cells, created and transported from tissues to the bloodstream by the immune system.

The lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs located in different areas of the body. this is the place where the lymph usually develops. There are some situations in which lymph develops in patches of lymphatic tissue in organs like the stomach or intestines.

The lymphoma is classified in two categories of diseases, the Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The appearance under the microscope of the cancer cells is different in these two types of lymphoma. The malignant cells which are present in Hodgkin's lymphoma or the simply Hodgkin's disease are called by the scientists Reed-Sternberg cells. This disease was identified for the first time in 1832 by the physician Hodgkin. That's why this disease is called like this.The cause of Hodgkin's lymphoma is not very well known, but there are known the risk factors that may make a person more likely to develop it. These factors include a compromised immune system and the exposure to the Epstein Barr virus. This virus is responsible for the infectious mononucleosis.

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a rare form of cancer. It can affect adults and children. It is more frequent between 15 to 40 years and after 55 years. It is also more common in men.

The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma are similar to the symptoms of every infections: enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands), night sweats and unexplained weight loss. It is very important for the individuals who experience these symptoms to contact a physician to determine the cause. If it is suspected the Hodgkin's disease, it is recommended to make a biopsy of the area. The procedure involves removing a small sample of the lymph node tissue which will be exanimate under a microscope.

If the diagnosis is sure, the physician must establish how far the cancer has spread or the stage of the disease. This is necessary for the physician to plan the treatment and it is known that the if the disease has been identified in a lower stage there is a better prognosis for recovery.

Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is the cancer of the lymphoid tissue which is part of the lymphatic system. This is a major component of the immune system which consists of organs such as spleen, lymph nodes and vessels. The lymphatic system produces and transports a fluid made of plasma and white blood cells called lymph, from tissues to the bloodstream.

As the lymph nodes, small, bean-shaped organs are located in different areas of the body, Hodgkin's lymphoma can start almost everywhere. The lymph nodes are found to the neck, armpit, chest and groin. So it usually begins in the lymph nodes, but in some cases, it can start in patches of lymphatic tissue in organs such as the stomach or intestines. The function of the lymph nodes is to produce immune cells like lymphocytes and plasma cells which are involved in filtering bacteria, cancer cells and other foreign material from lymph and which harm the body. When the antigens reaches into the lymph nodes and they recognize them they respond by enlarging and producing additional white blood cells. These white blood cells include lymphocytes and antibodies that help combat a variety of external threats.

There are known two types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response:

* B lymphocytes (B-cells) which defend the body from invading bacteria and other harmful substances. These particles activate the B cells and they transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies. The antibodies mark the antigens or the foreign materials and then they destroy them.

* T lymphocytes (T-cells) destroy antigens, infected and malignant cells directly, without producing antibodies.

If the lymphocytes cells continue to grow and expand, the lymph glands or other organs in which they are located begin to enlarge. The cells form lumps which develops in the body. The organ function is affected because of the lymphocyte masses which grow larger. It is more difficult for normal cells to function.

Hodgkin's lymphoma is named after the physician who first discovered it in 1832. Hodgkin's lymphoma spreads through the lymph vessels to neighboring lymph nodes and even to other areas of the body including the liver, bone marrow, spleen or lungs through the lymphatic system or the bloodstream.

The other kind of lymphoma is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is more frequent than the other form. Hodgkin's lymphoma can usually be distinguished from Non- Hodgkin's when tissue is examined under a microscope. This tissue is optained using the method of biopsy. The characteristic cells found in Hodgkin's lymphoma are known as Reed-Sternberg cells and they are named after the physicians who first described them in detail. It is thought that Reed-Sternberg cells are a form of malignant B-cells.

For more resources about lymphoma please review http://www.lymphoma-center.com/non-hodgkins-lymphoma.htm or http://www.lymphoma-center.com/symptoms-of-lymphoma.htm

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What are the Symptoms of Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a very difficult disease if watched from the symptoms perspective. That is to say that besides being quite "ugly", these lymphoma signs can also be attributed to other medical conditions as well. Cat scratch fever has similar symptoms to lymphoma, making this disease even that more difficult to diagnose. There are two types of lymphoma for which symptoms are presented: non- Hodgkin' s lymphoma and Hodgkin' s lymphoma.

The symptoms for lymphoma disease are as follows:

- general tiredness and lack of your energy; these apply in both lymphoma cases;

- swelling of the lymph node; the upper parts of your body are more often affected, but any node that is related to the lymph organ can swell; this is not painful at all, opposite to the lymph nodes that get infected; these symptoms as well can be found in both lymphoma types;

- loss of weight is another symptom that applies to both lymphoma diseases; if you suffer from lymphoma, you are very likely to loose at least six percent of your body weight in a very short period of time;

- you will also suffer from chills and fever if suffering from any of the lymphoma diseases; the fever that you will have is not persistent;

- itching is another lymphoma symptom, but it applies more to Hodgkin' s lymphoma, than to the other lymphoma type; the itching is more deep in your skin and it can affect almost any part of your body;

- sweating at night, for apparently no reason is another lymphoma sign, that as the one above, refers more to the Hodgkin' s type of lymphoma;

Besides these lymphoma symptoms, that are the most common ones, there are also some other signs, which are less common:

- pain in the lower back is a sign for both lymphoma types of disease; this happens because the lymph nodes that are expanding actually press your nerves;

- in the Hodgkin' s lymphoma case, after consuming alcohol, you may suffer from pain in your lymph nodes;

- lesions, itching and even skin patches are also symptoms of lymphoma, but this time of the non- Hodgkin' s type of lymphoma;

To diagnose lymphoma by it' s symptoms alone is quite difficult if not impossible. This is why x- rays or some tests must be used as well. At present, there are almost 35 different lymphoma types. The treatment used differs from a type of lymphoma to another.

For more resources about lymphoma or even about mantle cell lymphoma please review this page http://www.lymphoma-center.com/mantle-cell-lymphoma.htm

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2012年8月30日星期四

Staging AIDS Complicated With Lymphoma

Diagnosing AIDS-related lymphoma is generally done quite late, after the disease has already advanced. In order to see whether the disease has spread within the lymph system or to other organs, doctors need to perform a procedure called staging that will finally determine the evolution stage of the disease. Knowing all these facts, the doctor can advice the patient what treatment to follow.

One of the tests made to determine the stage of the lymphoma is the CT (computer tomography) an X-ray based machine that will show detailed image of your organs and other related structures to them. You could be advised to take some oral drugs or the doctors will give you an injection that contains some dye, which will help them see a clearer image of your lymph system and bloodstream.

Another test is the PET scan which is designed to find the malign tumors inside your body. The substance used to track the tumors is a radionuclide glucose injected in your vein. This substance will brighten the tumor in the picture because the tumor uses the glucose for its development.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is also useful because it takes detailed pictures of your body, using magnet, radio waves. In this case, the substance used to brighten tumors in the picture is gadolinium.

Other reliable tests are the bone marrow biopsy, made on the hipbone or breastbone, and the lumbar puncture that takes some drops of the cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal column which will be analyzed in the laboratory to see if there are any signs of cancer.

AIDS-related lymphoma stages might include the E and S stages.

The E stage stands for extra-nodal meaning that the cancer has not reached the lymph nodes yet and that it is situated in other organs.

The S stage means that the cancer has reached the spleen and affects it.

Stage I of AIDS-related lymphoma is classified as stage I and stage IE; stage I means that the cancer has affected one group of lymph nodes; stage IE means that the cancer has not reached the lymph nodes yet and affects other organs.

Stage II is classified as stage II (cancer has affected two or more lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm) and stage IIE (cancer has affected the lymph nodes near the previous affected organs).

Stage III is divided into stage III, stage IIIE, stage IIIS and stage IIIE+S

Stage III - cancer has affected lymph nodes on the both sides of the diaphragm.

Stage IIIE - besides the lymph node group on the both sides of the diaphragm, cancer is found in other organs too.

Stage IIIS - besides the lymph node group on the both sides of the diaphragm, cancer is found in the spleen too.

Stage IIIE+S - besides the lymph node group on the both sides of the diaphragm, cancer is found in other organs and in the spleen too.

In stage IV the cancer is considered to have attacked multiple organs and associated lymph nodes and also distant lymph node groups.

In AIDS-related lymphoma patients the risk that the cancer will spread towards CNS (central nervous system) is quite high.

In treating the disease, the lymphoma is grouped based on where the cancer started in the organism: if it starts from the lymph nodes is called peripheral lymphoma; if it starts is the CNS is called primary CNS lymphoma.

So, if you want to find out more about non hodgkins lymphoma or even about mantle cell lymphoma please visit this link http://www.lymphoma-center.com

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The Target Of The Treatment In Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Nowadays, cancer is one of the most serious problems in medicine.Specialists try to discover new treatments. In clinics, the patients with cancer that start a new treatment are closely followed. Physicians determine the optimal dose which have the minimal side effects and offers the most numerous chances of survival. Because doctors make often adjustments, the treatment given to the patients does not always match with the treatment that studies found it to be the most effective. That's why sometimes people receiving the treatment doesn't feel very well, even if that treatment is supposed to save their life. If the patients have to get chemotherapy it is very important to respect the recommended doses and schedule, and it is also important to know the reasons why this rules are not respected.

There are a lot of cases when different types of cancer, like breast cancer or even the Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, are not correctly treated and it is not given the appropriate supportive therapy. It was proved that if those patients were treated appropriately and the treatment guidelines were followed, they would have a good chance of survival and possible cure.

The Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma is a very aggressive type of cancer or the most common type of lymphoma. In lymphomas are affected the lymph glands and nodes that are anywhere in the body. So this kind of cancer can occur everywhere in the body. There is also a Hodgkin's disease that can often occur in younger patients. The incidence of the Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma is bigger in older patients, most frequently around age 60, but latest it can occur in younger people too. There is no explanation why this is one of the cancers that affects more and more individuals over the last 20 years.

Even if it is a very aggressive form of cancer it is very responsive in treatment and potentially curable cancer, which is a resemblance with the Hodgkin's disease. An appropriate treatment can give the patients the chance to be cured and to live a normal life. This is justified for more than half of the patients.

So it was proved that the aggressive disease is more responsive to treatment which is a kind of a paradox which can be seen in many forms of rapidly growing cancers. The cells in this cancers are rapidly dividing, but they tend to be more responsive to treatment. The scientific explanation for this phenomenon is that the chemotherapy drugs are most active against rapidly growing cells.

The whole treatment in Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma can last for about four to five months. If there is an early stage disease, the patient may get a shorter course of chemotherapy. This method must be combined with radiation therapy to the affected area. Because the cancerous cells may be anywhere in the body the biggest part of the patients with cancer needs to be treated systemically with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a combination of four or five drugs. The whole treatment program can run over a period of about four to five months.

Even if this form of cancer is a curable one, there are people with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who being under-treated.

This under- treatment means a substantial dose reductions or treatment delays during their chemotherapy. This is one of the reasons why some of this patients presents side effects and they don't get cured. It was proved in clinical trials that patients who receive the appropriate treatment do better than patients whose treatment is compromised by reducing the doses or not respecting the schedule. So the chances of long-term survival and cure are influenced by the way the treatments are being given.

There are some situations when reductions in doses of the treatment are unavoidable. This happens when there are older patients, or patients with a higher stage of disease, patients who aren't able to care for themselves. in this circumstances the treatment have to be delayed too.

The best moment to give the appropriate treatment are the early stages of the disease. Preventative care is very important. Specifically treatment to boost low white blood cell counts caused by chemotherapy, are more likely to receive the dose on time and to receive fuller dose intensity than those patients who didn't receive these agents. There many reasons,not only cancer, for which patients received these medications from the beginning.

Another cause of under- treatment is the situations when the patient doesn't tolerate the chemotherapy the way it was expected to be. So it increases the concern about side effects. There are situations when the reduction in dose of the treatment is established from the very beginning, before the patient had received any kind of treatment. This is a conscious decision of the doctor who consult the patient and gets to the conclusion that he won't tolerate the chemotherapy well. Other reductions in doses of the treatment occurs after starting therapy, because of the side effects. In this case reducing the dose is a strategy to reduce the side effects of treatment. This has negative results because it is very sure that to this patients the disease will come back months or years later.

Supportive care is very important. Older patients, patients who have more intensive symptoms from their disease or a higher stage of disease, need a type of a more aggressive supportive care. If they are supported in a right way it is also recommended to be treated the same as younger patients are. This increases their chances to be cured.When giving the supportive care it is important to analyze the risk factors. This are the patient's age that can easily lead to more side effects or in the most cases determine the physician to reduce the doses or schedule of the treatment, even before starting it. Giving the right supportive care enables the patients at a higher risk to receive the full treatment.

Supportive care helps physicians and patients with cancer to control nausea, vomiting and infections that can result because of the low white blood cell count. These are one of the most common side effects of the toxicity of the chemotherapy. Supportive care includes treatments that can improve the blood counts and also reduce the risk of infection. So if the patients seem not to tolerate the chemotherapy well, it is recommended to use the supportive care and not to modify the doses and schedule in treatment. This way the patient will be allowed to go through the full program.

There are different kinds of treatments available and it is very important for the patients recently diagnosed Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma to ask an oncologist about the side effects of those treatments and what can be done to diminish and to prevent them. It is very important for this patients to get the full treatment and to know that the target is to minimize side effects and to increase the effects of the appropriate treatment.

For more resources about lymphoma please review http://www.lymphoma-center.com/mantle-cell-lymphoma.htm or http://www.lymphoma-center.com/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma.htm

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Mantle Cell Lymphoma Prognosis - Is There a New Cure?

When it comes to the mantle cell lymphoma prognosis, unfortunately nothing can be said for certain, and accurate prognosis is not possible. Despite all the new information, many people still continue to go through useless treatments, which cause more harm than good. There is a lot of misleading information on the subject and that's one of the possible reasons for the high mortality rate of lymphoma patients.

Unless the lymphoma is completely eliminated, the prognosis is not good. The lymphoma spreads and the symptoms gradually get worse. Chemotherapy has the illusion of working, because it relieves the symptoms for a while, even though it creates additional ones, which are often worse. The traditional way of treating cancer does not work at all - that has been proven time and time again.

The only medical approaches which work are surgery to remove small tumors, and chemotherapy to eliminate certain types of non-spreading cancer. Unfortunately, none of those work for lymphoma, as the cancer spreads in an unpredictable fashion. However, there is some hope. Supplying your body with the proper tools, so that it can eliminate the cancer often works.

Doctors often follow protocol and therefore do nothing to eliminate the cancer. The low-risk approach does not work here. Chemotherapy is one of the most destructive forms of treatment and it automatically assumes that the cancer cells are weaker than normal ones. That is not necessarily true. That's why people need to educate themselves when it comes to their own health, and not blindly destroy it by following useless procedures.

One of the most useful things one can do is look at the stories of people, who have successfully gotten rid of cancer. Most of those people did something they are not aware of, which destroyed the cancer. That is also known as 'spontaneous remission'. The remission is never spontaneous, it's just that we do not clearly understand the cause and effect relationship here.

Here is the effective way to put mantle cell lymphoma into remission, by supplying your body with the proper tools: http://www.squidoo.com/lymphoma1.

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2012年8月29日星期三

General aspects of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) takes part to a group of cancers which affect the lymphatic system. This diseases are known as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The immune system is a part of the lymphatic system. It's role is to protect the body against agents that can determine infection and disease. It is represented by a network of tubular channels called lymph vessels that drain a fluid with a watery aspect known as lymph. Lymph is drained from different areas of the body into the bloodstream. It accumulates in the tiny spaces between tissue cells and contains proteins, fats, and certain white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Lymph circulates through the lymphatic system and it is filtered by small structures called lymph nodes. This filtering helps to remove microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, etc.) and other foreign bodies that can affect the human body. The lymph nodes are organized in groups and they are located throughout the body, including the neck, under the arms, at the elbows, and in the chest, abdomen, and groin. In the lymphatic nodes are stored the white blood cells called lymphocytes. They may also be found in other lymphatic tissues. The lymphatic system includes mot only the lymphatic nodes, but also the spleen and the tonsils. The role of the spleen is to filter worn-out red blood cells and produces lymphocytes. The tonsils helps to fight infection too. Lymphatic tissues also include the thymus. It is a relatively small organ located behind the breastbone. It is thought to play an important role in the immune system until puberty. Another important role in the immune system is played by the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside the cavities of bones. The bone marrow produces blood cells. Lymphatic tissue and circulating lymphocytes can also be found in other regions of the body, such as the skin, small intestine, liver, and other organs. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytess. The B- lymphocytes produces specific antibodies in order to destroy certain invading microorganisms The T-lymphocytes destroy directly the microorganisms or helps the activities of other lymphocytes.

The cause of Mantle cell lymphoma and of the other cancers of the lymphatic system called lymphomas is represented by the errors that can occur in the production of a lymphocyte. This kind of errors determine the lymphocyte to transform into a malignant cell. If there is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth and multiplication of malignant lymphocytes it may lead to the enlargement of a lymph node region or even regions. The malignant process can involve the spleen and bone marrow and spread to other tissues and organs. The results of the malignant proliferation are specific complications that threaten the life of the patient.. The symptoms and physical findings are different from case to case. They depend on the extent and region or regions involved and on different other factors.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are considered to be lymphomas caused by abnormal B-lymphocytes and or derived from abnormal T-lymphocytes. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell lymphoma that develops from malignant B-lymphocytes which can be observed in a region of the lymph node called the mantle zone. The Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma may also be described considering certain characteristics of the cancer cells which can be seen under a microscope. it is very important how rapid is their tendance to grow and spread. Non- Hodgkin's lymphoma can be considered a low- grade lymphoma The malignant cells tend to grow and spread slowly. There are few associated symptoms. There are also "intermediate-" or "high-grade" lymphomas in which the malignant cells grow rapidly. This forms require prompt treatment. Experts have classified MCL as an aggressive lymphoma, even if there are some aspects of indolent lymphoma.

According to various studies MCL affects men over the age of 50 years. Many affected patients have widespread disease at diagnosis, with involved regions including multiple lymph nodes, the spleen, and sometimes the bone marrow, the liver, and even regions of the gastrointestinal tract.

For more resources about lymphoma please review http://www.lymphoma-center.com/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma.htm or http://www.lymphoma-center.com/non-hodgkins-lymphoma.htm

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Diagnosing and Treating Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma first affects the skin and then spreads to other parts of the body, like internal organs. The signs of the disease are itchy dark patches on the skin that progressively transform into mushroom shaped tumors, that is why the disease is also known as Mycosis Fungoides.

A particular form of the cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is the Sézary syndrome. Signs of this disease are: an overall redness of the skin, small bumpy tumors, and the skin is atrophic. At physical examination doctors see that the lymph nodes have swollen and discover an increased number of malign lymphocytes.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is not the same thing with adult T-cell leukemia or peripheral T-cell lymphomas. These are more aggressive skin affections and require different treatment.

Generally, patients go to the doctor because they have an itchy red skin zone that bothers them for some time. If the disease has already spread outside the skin, the patient might feel its lymph nodes swollen.

Because mistaken cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with other skin diseases is quite easily, doctors prefer to perform a tissue biopsy, meaning that they remove the suspected tissue and analyze it in the laboratory to see if there is cancer present and in what stage of evolvement it is. For staging the disease they use that TNM classification: from T1 to T4- the spread of the tumors on the skin; N0 to N3- the involvement of the lymph nodes; M1 or not M0 if there are metastases present or not. Biopsy is the most accurate way of diagnosing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that is why all doctors must request it when suspecting such a disease.

When studying the tissue there can be seen abnormal cells, and by performing a Southern blot analysis there will be observed changes of the gene that encodes the T-cell receptors.

The treatment will be adjusted depending on the affection's evolution. There can be used chemotherapy, ultraviolet 'A' light exposure and total skin electron beam radiation if metastases are present.

Chemotherapy tries to stop cancerous cells from growing or dividing. There can be used oral drugs or drugs injected into the vein or muscle that will reach the cancer cells by entering the bloodstream, and is called systemic chemotherapy. Another type of chemotherapy is the regional chemotherapy when the chemotherapy is placed directly into the cancerous area.

Also, a patient can participate at a clinical trial where treatment with multiple agent chemotherapy is done.

So, if you want to find out more about mantle cell lymphoma or even about non hodgkins lymphoma please visit this link http://www.lymphoma-center.com

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Appropriate Treatment - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma's Cure?

How can cancer be treated? This is the most frequent question in medical research. New treatments are tested on patients under close observation of medical squads. It's a hard work for researchers who have to determine an optimal dose of the treatment for each patient, to guarantee them the lack of side effects but especially a chance of survival.

Researchers also talk about a breast cancer study that proved the beneficial effect of chemotherapy tested right after a surgical intervention. Positive results encouraged researchers to move on to another type of cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, believing that appropriate treatment and observation can lead to a possible curing.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, meaning cancers of lymph glands, occurs around the older people, about the age of 60, but it can be discovered at almost any age. It's one of the most common types of lymphoma, the number of cases increasing from a year to another.

Chemotherapy could mean a chance for staying alive because its drugs have a faster and more active effect over rapidly growing cells.

The treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be different from a patient to another depending especially on the stage of the disease. In early stages chemotherapy and radiation therapy could be enough for a fast curing. This can't be told for the most of the patients who need special treatment and attentively observation for at least four months.

Curing this type of cancer is not the biggest problem. The real problem is treatment that in most of the cases is delayed. This fact can compromise patient's health and survival chances.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma under-treatment is found at old patients, patients with high stage of disease, or underfed patients who often reduce medication or skip treatment.

Inappropriate treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is surely caused by the possible side-effects that can result during chemotherapy, or drug administration. Therefore, initial, the dose is reduced and after a good observation the treatment is changed for the patients who tolerate it.

Reducing treatment could mean as well for patients suffering from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma a comeback of the disease in a few years or even months.

An appropriate treatment is needed in every single case despite the age of the patient or his stage of disease, more than that these patients need a higher attention, a closer observation to lead to an optimal treatment.

Supportive care is what non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients need to go through the full program without treatment delay or without dose reduction.

Optimizing the treatment should be the first thing for a doctor to have in mind when it comes to a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patient and it should be a no side effects selection.

For more resources about lymphoma or even about mantle cell lymphoma please review this page http://www.lymphoma-center.com/mantle-cell-lymphoma.htm

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2012年8月28日星期二

Treating Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Until now, patients suffering of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma were treated with chemotherapy and radiation. In some of the cases the treatment was useful but in most patients treatment was very toxic and did not lead to a cure. The scientists are trying to find a better treatment that will not have such toxic effects on the organism.

Scientists have tested the "Monoclonal-antibody-based" therapy and the conclusions were promising. An antibody is a substance created by the human immune system to fight against foreign germs, viruses and bacterium. Each antibody is designed to recognize a specific target (antigen). When the antibody and the antigen get connected, the immune system is alerted and so it is ready to fight with the foreign substance.

Monoclonal antibodies are made in a laboratory and are all the same and are designed to fight only one type of foreign substance like tumors.

Until now scientists have tested antibodies created by a mouse model, a human model and chimeric (half mouse, half human) and they want to see which one is the most effective against cancer.

Most of the patients diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma are affected by tumors made out of B-cell lymphocytes, and so, monoclonal antibodies are designed to fight these modified B-cells that create tumors.

During tests, a toxic substance designed to kill cancerous cells has been attached to the antibody in order to reach these cells. Also, radio-labeled antibodies were tested to see if they can improve the radiation therapy. The radio-labeled antibodies are nor suitable in the therapy of those who have bone marrow cancer because radiation could cause hematological toxicity.

Since tests begun the only monoclonal antibody approved to be used was Rituxan. The treatment is followed once a week, for a month and the drug is given intravenously. Rituxan does not give such unbearable side effects like radiation or chemotherapy does; its side effects are only chills, fever or shakes. The radio-labeled combination has been tested too and the anti-tumor effects are quite remarkable. The side effects seamed to be manageable.

Bexxar is another monoclonal antibody that is being tested but is not yet approved for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has a radioactive iodine molecule attached to, and also binds to the surface of B-cells. Side effects are similar to those caused by Rituxan, but the patient is advised to take an oral iodine supplement in order to protect its thyroid from any damage caused by radioactive iodine. Bexxar has been tested on low-grade NHL and one third of the patients had a complete remission, and 70% responded well to the treatment.

It is possible for the patient to develop an immune response against the antibody because this is a foreign substance too, but such cases are rare and appear mostly in the patients that did not have chemotherapy and have a less affected immune system.

Oncolym is another monoclonal antibody that is being tested. Results recommend it for a more aggressive form of NHL.

Before replacing the standard treatment, monoclonal antibodies have to be tested more and secure doses must be established for preventing other damages to install in the human body.

So, if you want to find out more about lymphoma or even about cutaneous t cell lymphoma please visit this link http://www.lymphoma-center.com

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Causes and Symptoms Concerning T-cell Lymphoma

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a white blood cells cancer which usually tends to affect the skin and secondarily other parts of the body. The condition known as mycosis fungoides appears as itchy dark patches on the skin which become mushroom shaped tumors over the time. In addition to this, this illness involves the uncontrollable proliferation of t-lymphocytes known as T helper cells which usually result in the penetration, or infiltration of these abnormal cells into the epidermal layer of the skin. The affection usually appears on the trunk but may also spread on other parts of the body producing deep, red palpable plaques. Moreover, some people present severe forms of CTCL known as Sezary syndrome and appear as shrunken or lichenified skin, swollen lymph nodes and large numbers of abnormal cells circulating the blood.

Furthermore, CTCL is a rare affection which is very common in Eastern Europe and usually infects both men and women that are between 55 to 60 years. Even though the causes of CTCL are not totally known and the studies don't show a clear information, it is considered that this disease may occur due to viral causes and not because of the exposure to chemicals or pesticides. The most common symptoms of CTCL are the presence of itchy red patches or plaques which usually become mushroom-shaped skin tumors. Moreover, if the affection spreads on other parts of the skin, the symptoms tend to be more severe and include swelling of the lymph nodes, disorders of the lungs, upper digestive tract, central nervous system or liver.

Even though many people ask for medical help when they notice an unusual itching, CTCL may be hard to diagnose due to its resemblance with other skin affections such as rashes of eczema, psoriasis and contact dermatitis. So, this illness can be discovered when a specialists performs a serie of tests such as multiple skin biopsies. By doing a biopsy, it can be showed the retention of CD4+ protein and by using Southern blot analysis the abnormal cells can also show unusual rearrangements at the genetic level for the gene that encodes the T-cell receptors. What is more is that CTCL diagnosis can be confirmed by the combination between the information from the molecular tests and the presence of abnormal cells in the epidermis.

So, if you want to find out more about cutaneous t cell lymphoma or even about cutaneous t cell lymphoma please visit this link http://www.lymphoma-center.com/

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What is Large Cell Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a malignancy found in the lymph system, specifically in the lymphocytes. The common cells that show malignancy in lymphoma are the B-cell or B-lymphocytes and the T-cells or T-lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are responsible for destroying any pathogens that enter the body and memorize them for faster destruction the next time they invade the system. Lymphoma is sub-divided into Hodgkin's Lymphoma (formerly known as Hodgkin's Disease) and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. The main difference between the two is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, commonly found in Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Large cell lymphoma is a type of lymphoma categorized under Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This aggressive type of lymphoma usually affects the B-lymphocytes more than T-lymphocytes. Large cell lymphoma is named as such because the malignant cells in this category are bigger compared to malignant cells of other types of lymphoma. Because of its similarity with Burkitt's lymphoma, careful morphological and clinical studies must be conducted to prevent giving the wrong type of treatment.

The cause of this disease is unknown. However, viral infections such as HIV/AIDS and Epstein-Barr virus have been known as risk factors in developing this condition. Exposure to radiation during cancer treatment can pose as a risk in developing secondary lymphoma.

Signs and symptoms of large cell lymphoma are:

- Swollen, painless lymph nodes

- Fatigue due to anemia

- Anorexia

- Night sweats

- Unexplained weight loss

- Unexplained fever

After taking through medical history and physical examination, biopsy of a lymph node is done to confirm the diagnosis of large cell lymphoma. This is done by taking a sample tissue through a minor surgery and studying it under a microscope. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, several lab tests such as imaging studies (X-Rays, PET Scan, CT-Scan, Ultrasound) and blood tests are done to stage the disease.

Treatment of large cell lymphoma is based on the staging. A combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy is the usual management utilized for lymphoma. The drugs usually have Rituxan, cytoxan, oncovin, and prednisone, a combination of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and steroids. This is done during the aggressive stage of large cell lymphoma. Once the disease has entered its relapse stage, ICE or DHAP are used. Stage I and Stage II is treated with local radiation therapy, although radiation therapy is also applied along with chemotherapy once large cell lymphoma is at the later stage. Bone marrow transplant is done as a form of aggressive treatment as a last attempt to combat the disease. Research is still being done to fully understand the cause of large cell lymphoma so proper treatment can be done without causing too much stress on the body brought about by the aggressive effects of the medication.

Need to learn more about Lymphoma? Be sure to check out Lymphoma Symptoms which contains in-depth information on Large Cell Lymphoma symptoms, causes, treatment and much more.

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Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Facts Revealed

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a white blood cells cancer that affects the skin and other parts of the body. Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma appears on the skin as result of malignant T cells in the body being pushed to the surface of the skin in a biological process used to rid the body of waste material, bringing about various lesions to appear on the skin.

Generally, lymphoma rashes or parches develop into lymph nodes in several parts of the body. Though this cancer started on the skin, sooner than latter the internal organs become affected in more than 20% of people who come down with t-cell lymphoma. The cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is associated with the Sézary syndrome. Symptoms of the Sezary syndrome type of t-cl lymphoma are the complete redness of the skin adorned with small bumpy tumors on an atrophic looking skin. A major part of the diagnosis of lymphoma is to carefully analyze the morphological features of the lymphoid lesions.

According to oncologists, patients who suffer from aggressively progressing Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma should receive the specific chemotherapeutic treatment in precise doses and without delay in order to prevent relapse Tissue biopsies provide your doctor with valuable data regarding the type of lymphoma, the type of cells involved in causing the disease, the progression rate of the lymphoma, as well as the prognosis of the affected patient, so do not refuse biopsy, it is for your own good.

Sézary's disease (often named Sézary syndrome) is a type of cutaneous lymphoma that was first described by Albert Sézary One of the tests used in determining a lymphoma state is the CT (computer tomography) an X-ray machine that shows detailed image of your organs and other related structures on a screen for scrutiny by doctors. To diagnose Sesary symdrome blood test is generally used to reveal any change in the levels of lymphocytes in the blood, which is often associated with a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

There is some evidence of a relationship between human T-lymphotropic virus and the development of cutaneous t-cell lymphoma. In order to reveal evidence of the disease in patients with suspected malignant lymphoma, doctors often perform a series of preliminary tests. The cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is not a common form of lymphoma, about .30 cases in 100, 000 citizens are recorded annually in the United States.

Biopsy is the sure means of diagnosing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, which is why it is necessary that your doctor request it to identify or eliminate lymphoma as your health problem. Unfortunately it is not always that doctors are inspired to carry out a biopsy of the affected area, if he did he might diagnose the disease earlier and treatment could quickly begin. T-cell lymphoma usually begins on the skin and then spreads to other parts of the body with itchy dark patches that progressively develop into mushroom shaped tumors.

Finally, I like to conclude this article by letting you know that it is only possible to know whether the lymphoid lesions are of benign or malign nature if a pathologist analysis the tissue samples in several available tests: e.g., under the microscope (morphological examination), exact cell subtype (phenotype analysis) and genetic provenience (genotype analysis)

Get to know more about lymphoma at Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Facts [http://signssymptomsoflymphoma.blogspot.com/2009/09/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma-facts.html] or Vicodin at Vicodin Abuse [http://vicodinabuserehab.blogspot.com/]

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My introduction to lymphoma came one, quiet July afternoon in 2008 as I was sitting at my desk at work. My husband called. He had been feeling poorly for the last couple of weeks while we were on vacation and had just been to see the doctor.

"The doctor said I've got one of three things," he calmly reported. "But the only one I can remember is lymphoma." He went on to say that he was calling from a hospital bed where he had a few things stuck in and on him. (Before I lost control of my thoughts, I was reminded of an incident two years earlier. Then, my husband had left me a voice mail. The message went something like this: "My appendix burst. I'm in the hospital. You can stop by if you want to.")

Our life plummeted into the realm of conscious uncertainty. Non-medical people, we searched all over the Internet, talked to family, friends, friends of friends, doctors, etc., to find out everything we could about this kind of cancer.

Soon enough, we were reminded of the danger of Internet searches. There is almost too much information -- a lot of it is downright scary and some of it is ultimately inaccurate. Even without really understanding my husband's current condition, we were already contemplating the worst possible outcome.

Types of Lymphoma

There are two main types of lymphoma -- Hodgkin's Lymphoma (also called Hodgkin's Disease) and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Both types develop in the lymphocytes, white blood cells that are an important part of the body's immune system. The two types have similarities, but there are definite distinctions.

Lymphocytes have two main cell types: B cells or T cells. With lymphoma, either the B cell or the T cell becomes abnormal; the first abnormal cell quickly divides and then subsequent abnormal cells divide, encroaching upon and destroying other lymphatic cells. And, while lymphoma originates in the body's lymphatic system, Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma can spread to bone marrow and other organs such as the liver and spleen.

Symptoms and Signs

My spouse had been complaining about aching, swollen lumps in his neck. He had also been having night sweats and fever. These are typical symptoms for both Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Other symptoms include breathing problems, fatigue, itching, unexplained weight loss, and swollen lumps in the armpits and/or groin.

The doctors told us it was not uncommon for either type of cancer to appear in adults in their 50's, but, typically, Hodgkin's Lymphoma appears in children and young adults. In contrast, the risk for developing Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma increases with age and typically appears between the ages of 40 and 70.

My husband, a seemingly healthy man who watched his diet and regularly exercised, was in his early 50's.

Diagnosis

After several tests, there was little doubt that my husband had lymphoma, but in order to treat it, the doctors needed to know exactly what type it was.

There are several diagnostic techniques used, either alone or in combination, to make the diagnosis between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. These include blood tests, thorough physical examinations, biopsies of bone marrow, and chest x-rays. The definitive test, however, is the tissue biopsy of part or all of an affected lymph node.

The hospital did a biopsy of one of the lumps on his neck on a Friday. The results would not be available until early the next week. So, it was back to the Internet to see what else we could learn and worry about. Meanwhile, my spouse was suffering and more painful lumps were fast appearing. Overwhelmed with both too much general and too little specific information, we waited for news from the lab.

Under the microscope, the presence of an abnormal B cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell, a particular kind of lymphocyte, indicates Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Diagnosis is not as easy for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma; there are over 30 different types of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma which include various types of cells and cell markers.

Finally, on Monday, we learned we were dealing with Anaplastic T cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. At last, we knew the enemy.

Treatment

Now that we knew the type of cancer, we had all the usual questions about treatment. Chemo? Radiation? How long? How much?

Like all cancers, lymphoma is characterized by stages which define the extent or severity of the cancer, and treatment differs depending on the cell type and stage. Treatment for Hodgkin's Lymphoma can include radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of the two. Stem cell or blood marrow transplantation can be recommended in more severe cases. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is typically treated with chemotherapy; on rare occasions, radiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy is utilized.

The type and severity of lymphoma determine the response to any particular treatment. Other treatments for lymphoma can include radioimmunotherapy or immunotherapy alone; surgery is rarely a treatment option.

In my spouse's case, he had Stage III (of I to IV with IV being the most severe) of an aggressive type of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. That meant hitting him hard and fast with chemotherapy. They began it almost immediately. The first treatment was excruciating and weakened him, but it provided great results. After a week, he was released with a treatment plan that included five additional chemotherapy sessions.

As we left the hospital, I remember watching my husband - stooped over, thinner by 30-some pounds, frail and weak - as he carefully got into the car in the parking lot. I wondered whether he would ever return to his vibrant, irreverent self.

Statistics for New Cases and Deaths

In 2008, my spouse was one of the estimated 74,340 people to be diagnosed with lymphoma. In that same year, it was estimated that 20,150 people with lymphoma would die. Staggering statistics that we couldn't seem to comprehend at the time.

The American Cancer Society's Facts & Figures 2010 lists the expected new cases and estimated deaths for men and women in the U.S. for 2010 for lymphoma as follows:

Estimated New Cancers (2010)

Hodgkin's Lymphoma - 8,490
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - 65,540

Estimated Cancer Deaths (2010)

Hodgkin's Lymphoma - 1,320
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - 20,210

Prognosis

According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for Hodgkin's Lymphoma is 85%; the 10-year survival rate is 81%. It is much tougher to pin down survival rates for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Prognosis varies depending on the type of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, as well as other factors including the stage, the cell type, blood counts, other medical problems, etc.

Since his last chemotherapy treatment in November 2008, my husband's periodic scans have been clean and his prognosis is excellent. He's back to his old self, with only two visible scars (one from the biopsy and the other marking the location of the port used to administer chemotherapy), the scans, and doctor's appointments to remind us that life is tenuous.

While I continue to scour information about both types of lymphoma, my husband rarely, if ever, speaks about it, although he is conscientious about his scans. Looking back, the most angst-filled time during the entire ordeal was while we were waiting for the final diagnosis. After all, looking at the facts and figures, it would seem Hodgkin's Lymphoma might be the 'preferred' disease, but it was not that simple. It was never necessarily that we thought one type of lymphoma was more 'optimistic' than the other; we just desperately needed to know for treatment purposes. Besides, I believe there are too many other factors involved in survival, i.e., the severity, the treatment, response to treatment, etc., that overshadow any mere numbers linked to a particular type of disease. In fact, I honestly believe the most important factor is the patient's attitude.

In my husband's case, he just had lymphoma - didn't matter which to him. He just wanted to put it behind him. He went back to work as soon as he could and worked around his chemotherapy, taking little time off. He did not let cancer stop him, he did not let it define him and, unless he told you, you would never know.

Linda R. Prior is a freelance writer with over 25 years of writing experience. Find her at http://www.lindarprior.com.

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B Cell Lymphoma

2012年8月31日星期五

Common Methods of Diagnosing Lymphoma

What is Mantle Cell Lymphoma?

Characteristics of Hodgkin's Lymphoma

What are the Symptoms of Lymphoma?

2012年8月30日星期四

Staging AIDS Complicated With Lymphoma

The Target Of The Treatment In Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Mantle Cell Lymphoma Prognosis - Is There a New Cure?

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General aspects of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Diagnosing and Treating Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Appropriate Treatment - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma's Cure?

2012年8月28日星期二

Treating Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Causes and Symptoms Concerning T-cell Lymphoma

What is Large Cell Lymphoma?

Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma Facts Revealed

2012年8月27日星期一

Hodgkin's Lymphoma Vs Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Different Treatments to Treat Mantle Cell Lymphoma

General Things About Mantle Cell Lymphoma

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What is Follicular Lymphoma?

The Classification Tests Influence The Therapy In Lymphoma

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Is Lymphoma Curable?

Ocular Lymphoma - A Major Indicator of Brain Involvement in Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

What is Cutaneous Lymphoma?

What is Lymphoma?

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